Colonel Gentry’s Regiment

Posted on February 20, 2026 by FHadmin

How does Henry Thomas, a Missouri farmer and brick mason, decide to leave his home and family to join Colonel Gentry’s regiment to fight the Seminoles in the Indian Wars in Florida?

Was it for the money? This is doubtful as the Missouri men were offered $8.00 per month plus 40 cents per day per horse, which was less than friendly Indians were offered to join the fight. Was it for the prestige of being a soldier? Possibly. Was it for the camaraderie with his neighbors and friends? Also, possible. But, most likely, it was for the adventure.

North Carolina

Henry Thomas, my 3rd great-grandfather, was born March 31, 1814 in Caswell County, North Carolina. He was the son of Josiah and Ruth (Mitchell) Thomas. Around 1830, his family, including his grown siblings, moved to Ralls County, Missouri. It was claimed that the reason for the move was that they had too many relatives in North Carolina. Of course, that didn’t stop them from creating a huge family presence in Missouri.

Request For Troops

The “Problem”

Conflicts were occurring in Florida between the settlers and the Native Americans. At that time, the Native Americans were referred to as Indians. Thus, this article will reference them as such for authenticity.

The U.S. government decided the best solution was to relocate Native Americans. Despite the Indian Removal Act and an agreement to move, the Native Americans refused to vacate the area. They hid in the swamps and made themselves difficult to find. Yet, skirmishes and outright battles followed. When conflicts continued, Missourians got in the act.

Request to Missouri

In September 1837, the government decided to ask for more men to get this dispute settled. Senator Thomas H. Benton from Missouri was very vocal about the need for frontiersman to remove the Native Americans. He didn’t believe it fit the typical Army role and he felt that frontiersman were much more suited to address the issue.

Senator Benton then convinced President Van Buren to allow volunteers from “frontier” states to join the effort in Florida. After passage of the legislation, the Secretary of War requested the governor of Missouri to put together a regiment of men to go to Florida and assist in the removal of the Native Americans.

At the senator’s request, Richard Gentry, a personal friend of Senator Benton, was appointed to lead the regiment. Richard Gentry, a son of a Revolutionary War veteran, was the General Major of the Missouri Volunteers during the Black Hawk War of 1812. Thus, he had direct experience fighting Indians. In addition, he had significant other military experience. He was also a well-known significant person in Columbia, Missouri, where he had been a founder, mayor, postmaster, and owner of a hotel/tavern. Richard Gentry accepted the role and was was commissioned as a colonel with the directive to have a regiment of 600 men ready to serve within a couple months.

Raising A Regiment

Richard Gentry set out immediately to gather men to fight in Florida. To do this he traveled throughout several Missouri counties to find recruits. He obtained recruits from Boone, Callaway, Howard, Chariton, Ray, Jackson, and Marion counties. The recruits from each county were led by a captain, except Callaway County, which had enough men to require two companies and two captains.

One of the men that agreed to join the unit was Henry Thomas, my 3^rd great grandfather. It is unclear which company he joined as it appears his family was living in Monroe County, which didn’t raise a separate company. However, multiple counties nearby raised companies to join Gentry’s regiment.

Henry’s motivation for volunteering is unknown. It could have been that he felt it was his duty or that the pay was considered good in a time of economic turn down. On the other hand, it might simply have been for the adventure of seeing more of the country or because he had friends who were going to serve. As far as I know, none of his brothers joined the unit.

Money For Supplies

Twenty-three and unmarried, Henry was likely still living at home. As such, it is most likely that the horse(s) he used belonged to his father. This posed a problem for many of the young men as they were to be a mounted unit. And, they were required to bring their own horses.

Despite wanting to join the regiment, many simply couldn’t afford to purchase a horse. Colonel Gentry helped them out by endorsing notes for them so that they could purchase horses. The notes were due in seven months, which made for a tight timeline to go to Florida, fight, and return before they had to be paid.

Source: Columbia Herald-Statesman, November 11, 1837 via Newspapers.com

The Send Off

On October 15, 1837, friends and neighbors gathered near Gentry’s Tavern to see the men off and wish them well. The well-attended event was full of speeches and cheers from the crowd. The teacher at a local academy presented the unit with a flag that the girls had made. Meanwhile the girls made a patriotic statement by wearing red, white, and blue attire.

Before the regiment and their Indian scouts marched away, a good friend of Gentry expressed his concern for Gentry. He said, “I fear this will be our last interview; I know you are a brave man, but there is also an element of rashness in you. If you are ever in battle, you will lead the charge and be killed!”

As the regiment headed for their first destination, St. Louis, the colonel’s young son, mounted his father’s horse and rode with him until the regiment stopped a mile east of Columbia to water their horse. He then dismounted and waved good-bye to his father.

Florida Bound

The St. Louis Stop

It took the men five days to cross the 125 miles separating Columbia from Jefferson Barracks, south of St. Louis. There, the men were given weapons. Five of the men in Gentry’s regiment are said to have hit a 2 inch square at 140 yards. It was surmised that the volunteers might be better marksmen than the Army regulars as it was claimed that some among them could hit a white-tailed deer that was on the run.

While in St. Louis, Major General Gaines reviewed the regiment. Then, just before the men continued their journey, Senator Benton arrived from Washington D.C. to speak to the enthusiastic, excited group. And, Col. Gentry said that he had been reassured that the regiment would be paid in gold and silver. The speeches “concluded by wishing that each man might gain honor as a soldier and return in health.”

New Orleans By Steamboat

The men left St. Louis on October 25, 1837. They sailed down the Mississippi River on the steamboats United States and St. Louis. The trip took 6 days.

The men didn’t want to spend any more time in New Orleans than required as the city was in the midst of a yellow fever epidemic. People were dying faster than they could be buried. Everyone was terrified and over 150 men simply left and went home.

Florida By Sailing Ships

By the time the men sailed for Florida on November 3, the 600-man regiment numbered only 432. The trip was uneventful and they reached Tampa Bay 5 days later.

The horses were sent to Florida on smaller ships. However, they didn’t leave until a few days after the majority of the men sailed. The horses were placed on the boats by men who did not understand the impact of a large body of water on a small boat. As such, the horses were not properly secured on the boat. To make matters worse, a terrible storm came up. The ships rolled and the horses fell about. Horses were injured and killed. Others starved as storms caused the journey to take three weeks instead of five days.

Only 150 of 450 horses were healthy after the trip to Tampa Bay. Since the regiment was to be mounted, all the men whose horses died were discharged or forced to walk. The men that were discharged had to make their way home on their own. They were not paid in gold and silver. The discharged men also were given only half of the promised daily allowance for their horse. Thus, the men lost money and were very disgusted with their treatment.

Since Henry continued with Gentry’s regiment, his horse was clearly one that survived, as nearly all of the men without horses left for the Midwest.

Florida

Second Class Soldiers

At Fort Brooke, Col. Gentry and the remaining members of the Missouri Volunteers joined the First, Fourth, and Sixth Infantry, creating a brigade of nearly 1,000 men. Col. Zachary Taylor was the commanding officer. He was a regular Army man and resented that he had to be burdened with the volunteers from Missouri. Thus, from day one they were made to feel second class. Not only did the colonel treat them that way, but so did the Army soldiers.

Then, before the men left Fort Brooke near Tampa Bay to push into the interior of Florida, tragedy again struck Gentry’s regiment. The men were guarding 80 wagons of supplies that were headed to Ft. Fraser, a new supply depot on the Peace River when Col. Gentry’s son, who was also serving, accidentally discharged his weapon and killed a private in the regiment.

Before the regiment had gone far, a portion of the Gentry’s men, who were walking because they had lost their horses, demanded to be discharged. It was granted and they left for home. At this point, Gentry’s regiment had dwindled to four companies with only a quarter of the 600 men that left Columbia, Missouri with Gentry.

The men’s departure just reinforced the regular Army’s view of Gentry’s unit. When there was a difficult task to be done, anything risky, or just downright unpleasant, Col. Taylor would assign it to the volunteers. That included having them be the advance guard, keeping ahead of the main body to protect the regular Army. They also got the chore of building roads where needed to allow passage of the heavy baggage. One Officer stated, “[The colonel] used the Missouri Volunteers more like [black men] than anything else I can mention.”

Over Land and Through Swamps

As the men moved southward, they encountered various groups of Indians, sometimes with African Americans amongst them. They took some individuals prisoner and relied on friendly Indians to assist in navigating and obtaining information about the movement of the Seminoles. They also sent out spies to separately look for the Seminoles and see where large groups of them might exist.

Many leads were simply misinformation. Other times, it seems the Indians had gotten wind of their plans. For instance, one time the soldiers reached a large Seminole camp only to find it deserted. The men thought that several hundred Indians had camped in the location and had left very quickly. Fires were still burning in the camp and meat was still waiting to be consumed. New leads led to another hammock about a mile away.

Finally, the opportunity that Col. Taylor sought to defeat a large group of Indians in a major attack presented itself. Scouts learned that an estimated 2,000 Seminoles were gathered on the shore of Lake Okeechobee.

By this time, Col. Taylor’s men, including Col. Gentry’s Missouri Volunteers had traveled 150 miles, taken about 150 people prisoner, created supply depots, built forts, opened roads, built bridges, and made causeways. But, the big battle was yet to come.

The Battle of Okeechobee

Col. Taylor learned that an estimated 400 Seminole Indian warriors were held up in a hammock in Lake Okeechobee, along with leaders Billy Bowlegs, Alligator, and Wild Cat. This would be where Col. Taylor attacked.

Strategy Disagreement

Col. Taylor called together the officers to discuss the attack strategy. Col. Taylor preferred a frontal attack strategy. Meanwhile, Col. Gentry strongly recommended going around the swamp and attacking the flank with a strategy to encircle the Indians. He argued that slogging through the swamp would exhaust the men.

Taylor, however, wouldn’t listen to a word Col. Gentry had to say. Instead, he accused Gentry of being afraid of a direct attack. He had decided; it would be a frontal assault.

Col. Gentry disagreed, but felt that he had to follow Col. Taylor’s orders since he was the commanding officer.

The Attack

On Christmas Day 1837 under the mid-day sun, the brigade moved into position. 132 Missouri volunteers and members of Morgan’s spies made up the first line. The 4^th and 6^th infantries followed them and the 1^st infantry was in reserve. At the appointed time, Col. Gentry, who was to lead the way, pulled off his coat, rolled up his sleeves, and yelled, “Come on, my boys.”

The Approach

The approach to the hammock was a treacherous one. It was like a natural fortress with a natural moat. The men left their horses behind and trudged through the swamp. For a half-mile, men had to wade through deep, muddy swamp water making their way through 5-foot-high saw-grass to reach it. The men had to hold their weapons and gun powder in the air to avoid them getting wet. Additionally, the saw-grass was given that name for a reason. It tore skin and clothes like they were butter.

When the men moved within range of the Indians, heavy fire erupted.

The Defense

The Indians had selected their position very carefully. They hid themselves in a hammock, a raised area in the swamp that was thickly covered with trees, bushes, and vines. The hammock backed to Lake Okeechobee. The Indians had also spent a great deal of time cutting down the grass and other cover for several feet in front of the hammock forcing the men to be in the open if they attempted to reach the hammock.

The position gave the Indians the upper hand. They were well prepared, even having made notches in trees to hold the barrels of their guns. The Indians could peek out and see the troops coming toward them. Meanwhile, their scouts climbed high in the trees and could see the entire field. All the while, the Indians remained well hidden.

In case an evacuation was needed, the Indians had placed canoes on the far side of the hammock at the edge of Lake Okeechobee. They had a thorough strategy.

The Fight

The Missouri Volunteers were to retreat behind the regular Army. However, the Missouri volunteers moved toward the hammock. Being on foot, they could not move quickly. And, the way they had been treated, it may have been that they thought they had something to prove. Gentry’s men kept fighting, but heavy casualties could not be avoided.

Gentry Hit

Col. Gentry’s white shirt made him an easy target and he was hit multiple times. Despite his wounds, Col. Gentry continued to encourage the men to fight. After about an hour, he finally fell to the ground at the edge of the hammock. While the fighting was still going on, Henry and another man (or men) placed Col. Gentry in a blanket and carried him a half-mile through the swamp back to the Army’s hospital.

Fighting in the saw-grass was challenging at best and deadly to many. The Missouri Volunteers had to duck volleys from the regular Army as well as the Indians. They ducked down in the grass and sometimes even ducked under water. They were basically sitting ducks in the middle of a fire fight. Then when a man was injured, they had to get him to shallow water or onto land so that he did not drown.

As the fighting continued, it was a bit of a step forward followed by a step backward. Actual progress was difficult to achieve. Since the Indians held the upper hand, the men were forced to fight in the style determined by the Indians. This meant that the battle became a series of skirmishes.

Indians Escape

When the fighting was over some three hours later, the Indians had managed to evacuate the encampment. Thus, the prisoners were few. However, every officer but one in the 6^th Infantry was killed with many others in the unit killed or wounded. The high casualty rate appears to have occurred because the men were very close together. One company in particular was hit hard as only four members of the company were unharmed in the battle.

The Missouri Volunteers had a 25% loss in terms of killed and wounded. In total 26 or 27 of Taylor’s men were killed with another well over 100 wounded. The Indians left 10 bodies behind, but it was assumed that more had died and that the Indians had taken their bodies from the scene.

Source: Niles National Register, January 27, 1838 via Newspapers.com

Col. Gentry’s Death

When the battle concluded, the men made a footway across the swamp. After it was complete, all the dead and wounded except one who was not found were carried on litters out of the swamp.

In the meantime, doctors tended to Col. Gentry’s wounds. They decided to clean the wound, which entailed putting a handkerchief on a ramrod and pushing it through the opening in his abdominal area all the way through the other opening in his back. This did not improve his condition. Instead, he quickly worsened.

Col. Gentry called for Col. Taylor and it was reported that the following conversation took place:

“Gentry: Colonel Taylor, I am about to die. I depend on you to do my brave men full justice in your official report.
Taylor: Colonel Gentry, you have fought bravely; you and your men have done your duty and more, too! I shall do them full justice, you may be sure.”

Col. Richard Gentry died just before midnight. His son, who had been seriously injured, and other men in the Missouri Volunteers were with him in his last moments. Col. Gentry and the others who had died were buried the following morning.

Return to Tampa Bay

After the battle, the men returned to camp. They spent the following day interring the dead, stabilizing the wounded, making more litters to transport the wounded, and collecting the horses and cattle, which had been abandoned by the Indians.

The following day, the troops moved out. But, instead of driving further through the Everglades, the men headed back to Tampa Bay. With so many officers and troops killed and wounded, Col. Taylor really had no choice, but to end his Florida campaign. Therefore, the survivors, weary and tired, headed out of the swamps on December 27. They first headed to Kissimmee, where some baggage had been left. Then, they made their way back to Tampa Bay.

Two Tales Of The Same Battle

Taylor’s Report

Col. Taylor made his report based on discussions with the officers in the regular Army. He did not, however, get any input from the volunteers. His report stated that “Col. Gentry died a few hours after the battle, much regretted by the army, and will be doubtless by all who knew him, as his state did not contain a braver man or a better citizen”. However, that was the limit of positive statements about the men from Missouri. According to him, all the praise was due the regular Army and that the volunteers had fell back and refused to rejoin the fight.

The report resulted in a heated response. Secretary of War Poinsett, for example, defended the unit saying, “the heavy loss they sustained in killed and wounded affords sufficient proof of the firmness with which they advanced upon an enemy under a galling fire.” Although Col. Taylor did not change his report, his words when the volunteers were discharged were much more complimentary.

The Rebuttal

When they finally saw the report, the members of the Missouri Volunteers were disgusted and thought the report was an injustice and insult. They felt they needed to speak up, especially for those who could no longer defend themselves. They stated that they had experienced “extreme fatigue and hardship” on the march. At each point, Gentry’s unit was the first to penetrate and pass a swamp or hammock, protecting the main body of the Army. And, when they camped, Gentry’s unit was located in the most exposed and dangerous ground of the camp.

Misconception?

Of Taylor’s story of them not falling in like they should . . . the officers said, “Strange and unaccountable misconception – or yet more wonderful and willful misrepresentation!”

Taylor’s words upon their discharge did not change the sentiment among the Missouri volunteers that they had been wronged by Taylor and his report. The Missouri general assembly launched an investigation. The result was that they believed Taylor had not only made a false report that slandered the Missouri volunteers, but that he had done so deliberately. They requested the governor lodge an official complaint arguing that Taylor should not be an Army officer.

They acknowledged that a few may have quit the action, but most continued the fight throughout. When the Indians finally took off, the men from Missouri cared for the wounded and collected the dead. One officer said that he was not in the Battle of Okeechobee as he was ill. He went on to state that the Missouri Volunteers were brave (“as brave as any that ever lived”). And, he supported the report on the treatment of the men by the Army regulars. He noted that half of his men were casualties with one being killed.

To learn more about the Missouri Volunteers in this battle, read Missouri Volunteers at the Battle of Okeechobee: Christmas Day 1837 in the Florida Historical Quarterly Vol. 70, No. 2, Oct., 1991 available via jstor.

For yet another perspective of the battle, check out Christmas 1837: Seminole Survival and the Battle of Okeechobee .

the Aftermath

Zachary Taylor

The “war” was costly in terms of both money and life. Zachary Taylor led one portion of the fight, but that portion alone resulted in nearly 150 casualties. And, it wasn’t clear that a victory was achieved. In addition, if the complaint of the Missouri Volunteers was raised, it was clearly dismissed. Taylor went on to lead other battles and became the 12th President of the United States. He did not, however, win the state of Missouri!

Seminole Indians

The U.S. government and the Seminole Indians never did reach a peace treaty. However, a good portion of the Indians that survived the battles and skirmishes with the troops and volunteers eventually relocated to Indian Territory. By 1842, over 4,000 Seminole Indians were living in what became Oklahoma. However, some of the Native Americans remained in Florida by going deep into Big Cypress Swamp and the Everglades. The government did not pursue them.

When Chief Billy Bowlegs went to Washington D.C. in 1852, he stopped by Zachary Taylor’s photograph and said, “Me whip!” Today, several Indian reservations still exist in Florida.

Richard Gentry

Initially buried in Florida, Richard Gentry’s remains were sent to Missouri in 1839 to be re-interred at Jefferson Barracks. Along with his remains were the remains of other Army soldiers. The gravestone that was erected contained only the names of the Army soldiers. Col. Gentry was left out. However, Missouri legislature remembered him in 1841 when they named Gentry County in his honor.

In 1889, Gentry’s family learned that he was not included on the gravestone at Jefferson Barracks. The military would not change it, but allowed the family to add a gravestone for him at their expense. Later, a replacement stone was made listing Gentry and the other soldiers.

Ann Gentry

When Richard Gentry’s wife, Ann heard of his death, she said, “I’d rather be a brave man’s widow than a coward’s wife.” Ann was accustomed to managing the family’s nine children and the family’s businesses on her own. She had done so each time Richard had gone to serve his country. Now, Ann had to manage with even less. Not only was Richard not coming home, but all the notes that Richard had signed for the volunteers so that they could buy horses came due and his estate had to pay them. This left no money for Ann and the children. Thus, she had to continue to work.

Richard had been the postmaster of Columbia and Ann had filled in while he was gone. After he died, she was appointed the official postmistress becoming only the second woman in the United States to hold the position of postmistress. She served for 30 years, including during Zachary Taylor’s administration. In addition, she received a $30 per month pension as Richard’s widow.

She also continued to run the tavern that they owned. Eventually, she combined the post office and tavern in one building with the post office in front and the tavern in the back.

Ann worked hard and watched her spending. Upon her death, she left $20,000 for her children. Read more about Richard and Ann Gentry.

Henry & Elizabeth Brown (Donaldson) Thomas

Henry Thomas

Henry arrived home and went back to his Missouri life, but with new stories to share with friends and family. Included was the story of carrying Col. Gentry out of the swamp when he was mortally wounded.

Toward the end of May 1838, he was formally discharged when the government discharged all the men who had served in the Seminole Indian War. Additionally, other men who had been on alert to serve if needed were also discharged. In the notice, they recognized the men for volunteering and for “bravery and efficiency.”

On July 15 of that year, Henry married Elizabeth Brown Donaldson in Monroe County. They went on to have 12 children, 11 who grew to adulthood.

Learn more about Henry’s life in Too Many Thomases or by reading Henry’s biography.

Afterward

Many accounts of this campaign exist and the details vary greatly. In this article, many details that were not particular to Henry Thomas and the Missouri Volunteers were generalized or omitted.

Despite efforts of the National Park Service, as of 2015, the exact location of the Battle of Okeechobee had not been determined.

Featured Image: AI generated using Google Gemini using a description and no input image.

Prompt: Big Decision

#52ancestors52weeks

Strong Woman On The Frontier

Posted on February 12, 2026February 12, 2026 by FHadmin

While looking for more records on Martha (Johnson) Peelle’s missing siblings, I decided to check the 1850 census to see if they might be with their grandmother. None of them were, but their grandmother was still running a household and she had a young blacksmith by the name of William Brown boarding in her home. She was in her mid-eighties and had been a widow for twenty years. That’s impressive!

Life In North Carolina

Sarah (Adams) Johnson, my 4th-great grandmother on my dad’s mom’s side, was the daughter of William and Susannah (Martin) Adams. Although her parents were natives of Pennsylvania, she was born and raised in North Carolina. The large family belonged to the Society of Friends (Quakers).

In 1793, Sarah married William Johnson, only to be disowned by the Society of Friends for marrying out of unity. It lists a William Johnson with the same fate just two months earlier.

Assuming they were both Quaker, that likely means that they got married without the church members’ approval. No additional Quaker records regarding their marriage have been found to date, but they did have a marriage bond with Moses Adams as the bondsman. Since this was outside the church, that may have been part of the issue. They solemnized their wedding in Surrey County, North Carolina.

Moving to Indiana Territory

Sarah, William, and children moved westward in 1811 heading toward Indiana Territory. This was a major undertaking, as they were moving to the untamed frontier. They likely traveled across the rough terrain with horses or mules and a wagon. Any livestock would have been driven along side them as they traveled. Today, that trip can be made in seven to eight hours, but in 1811 it was a multiple-week journey.

The Journey

They could have taken the northern route or the southern route. The timing of the Johnson family’s move is such that it is just about the time more people started using the northern route. Thus, it is difficult to judge which route the family likely traveled.

Northern Route

The northern route, which was popular among Quakers, would have taken them through Virginia and what is now West Virginia to the Ohio River. They would have crossed the river on a ferry and traveled through Ohio to Richmond, Indiana. From there they would have traveled a few miles northwest to reach the area where they settled.

Southern Route

The Southern Route took travelers into Tennessee and through the Cumberland Gap into Kentucky. The Route then headed toward the Ohio River. The family, or often group of families, would cross the river into Indiana at a river town, such as Maysville. This route, although more challenging and dangerous, was used in earlier years.

Moving With Children

Additionally, at the time of the move, William and Sarah’s children were approximately ages 3, 7, 8, 12, 14, 16, and 18. The older children likely helped with the travel, but the younger ones would have required a lot of supervision, especially when traveling across creeks and through thickets. At times, it was likely a fun adventure for the children, but that is what required Sarah to keep on her toes. In addition, she would have been cooking and washing out in the open. Weather and nature could be real obstacles not only for making progress on the trip, but also for daily chores and survival.

Life in Indiana

Arriving in 1811, Sarah, William, and children were one of a small group of families that arrived that year. They joined John Lewis and his son who had arrived in the area the previous year.

Life in Indiana Territory wasn’t much easier than the travel. They were still in the middle of a wilderness. Land needed to be cleared for a dwelling and farm uses. Then, the house had to be built. The home, at best, was a log cabin. It likely would have been one small room. Yet, it had to accommodate nine family members and function as both living and sleeping quarters. No matter how hard they tried, keeping the wind, rain, and snow out of the home was nearly impossible.

Yet, the family persevered. William and his sons farmed and William built the first Grist-mill in the area in 1818. By 1830, the area had grown and was ready for a town. Thus, on March 16, 1830, William had the town of Williamsburg surveyed and platted. Read more about William and Williamsburg in Creating A Town.

Sarah’s husband’s name memorialized in the name of the town, which still exists today. However, he did not do it on his alone. Sarah also played a major role in the family’s survival on the frontier.

The Dangers

This area was on “the extreme border of civilization.” It wouldn’t become a state for five years after the family arrived on the frontier. It was said that it was dangerous to go too many feet away from the house without carrying a gun.

Dangers came in many forms. The land and weather provided dangerous conditions at times. Swollen rivers, mud, snow, etc. created much greater challenges than they do today. When the roof is leaking and the baby is sick with no doctor nearby, it can become a life and death situation.

Wild animals also posed a danger both to the crops and humans. Although most animals didn’t physically harm humans, a few of the animals in the area were dangerous, particularly to children and smaller adults.

Indians were sometimes a problem. Concern over aggression by Indians peaked in the months following the battle between General Harrison and the Indians at Tippecanoe. The Shawnee leader Tecumseh had organized warriors to combat the pioneers flooding into what he considered native lands. Although this General Harrison was successful in the battle at Tippecanoe, it greatly angered Tecumseh. Thus, during the War of 1812, Tecumseh fought on the side of Great Britain. Thus, creating fear for many of the families on the frontier. As a result, a fort and block-house were built on John Lewis’ farm with another block-house (Whitehead Block-House) on Thompson Smith’s property. Even with these protections, there were many sleepless nights for the people in the area.

Feeding The Family

The challenge for Sarah was to create something to eat out of whatever foods were available at the time and to make sure the family got fed the best they could be. Wild animals were a source of food for the family. Thus, hunting was a regular activity. Wild fruits, such as grapes, plums, and gooseberries, along with a variety of greens, also provided nutrition for the family. However, that was not enough to feed nine people.

Although the soil was good for growing food, it was not easy to cultivate the ground. And, it was equally difficult to keep animals out of the the crops and garden. However, the families persevered and fought for the food that they planted.

Corn was among the crops and garden products grown and was served in numerous forms. The settlers used corn to make johnny-cakes, bread, corn-dodgers, pone, hominy, and mush. Corn was often a substitute for other breads. In the early days, even if they had the grain, it could not be processed without travel since no grist-mill existed close by. Coffee was also a staple and made in many forms (e.g. crust coffee, and potato coffee). They also had teas, pumpkins, turnips, potatoes, and syrup/molasses from the sugar maples.

Clothing the Family

A challenge for Sarah that was equally if not more difficult was figuring out how to clothe her husband and growing children. Resources were limited to whatever they could grow, repurpose, or receive in a trade. She most likely had wheels for spinning flax and wool. But may have resorted to using deer-skins for men’s and boy’s winter clothes. The problem with this solution is that the skins would get stiff when they became wet. Thus, they had to be beat against a tree or post to soften them.

Shoes were another problem and often people simply went without them. Other times, they turned to moccasins due to the difficulty in obtaining leather.

A store owned by John Smith did exist in Richmond. However, the traveled required was not easy and the prices were high. Thus, rarely did anyone make the trip to purchase anything unless it was absolutely necessary. Later, stores opened in Williamsburg, including one owned by Sarah’s sons Stephen and Samuel.

Her Faith

The first church in the vicinity of Williamsburg was a Baptist church, which was founded in 1818. The Methodist church was founded in 1820. It is unlikely that Sarah ever attended either one. However, a Friends Meeting was started about 3 1/2 miles north of Williamsburg. Although it only lasted about 15 years before it broke up, Sarah likely rejoined the Society of Friends at this meeting.

After the meeting broke up, members transferred to either the Cherry Grove Monthly Meeting or the Newport Monthly Meeting. Sarah is listed as a member in the Cherry Grove Monthly Meeting records. That meeting had been established about 1816. Therefore, it is possible that she had been a member before the meeting near Williamsburg was formed. However, since the Cherry Grove Meeting House was located near Lynn in Randolph County, which was about 7 miles from Williamsburg, it seems likely that she did not travel that distance in the very early days.

No record of William rejoining the Friends has been found.

Death of William

William died on August 1 1830, only a few months after Williamsburg was platted. His will stated that Sarah was to be given $100 cash, $100 of personal property of her own choice, the use of their dwelling and kitchen during her life, and ¼ of the rents and profits from the plantation (farm) where they lived. He gave the quarter section where he lived to his son Samuel. It is assumed this property also contained the dwelling that Sarah was allowed to use. His mill, land associated with the mill, lots for the town, and his other personal property were to be sold.

Her Strength

In Sarah’s day, it was considered a virtue for a woman, especially one on the frontier, to be strong. Sarah literally had no choice to be strong if she wanted to keep her family safe and healthy. Any weakness, even letting her guard down for a moment, could lead to a disaster.

Additionally, Sarah had no time to be a beauty queen. Her hands and clothes were likely often dirty as were most who braved the frontier. She worked hard for many hours each week. If something needed done (and there was always something), she had to see that it got done. A simple supper required water from the creek, wood for the fireplace, prepping, and cooking the meal. Laundry was a challenge, which included making soap, and clothes just didn’t come clean after some point. Additionally, there was always mending, spinning, and sewing to do.

When needed, out to the garden or field she went. If a crop was endangered or needed harvested, it was all hands on deck. And, when someone in the neighborhood needed something, Sarah and William were there to assist. That was the only way that people on the remote frontier could survive. Hard work and helping each other. Sacrifice was a given.

Many people today wouldn’t survive a month in those conditions. And, some might not survive a day. It took grit, determination, will to succeed, and the strength of an ox.

Sarah died March 13, 1862 at Williamsburg, Wayne, Indiana. She had been a widow for 32 years. Although I haven’t found her in the 1840 census, she was the head of her household in 1850. By 1860, she was listed in her son Samuel’s home. However, she was 95 that year. So, it is not surprising that she had moved in with her son and his family.

Sarah lived 97 years, which is like 150 years adjusted for today’s conveniences.

AI Tools used: Grok, Gemini

Featured Image: Modified version using Gemini of alanajordon’s AI image via pixabay.com

Prompt: What the Census Suggests

#52ancestors52weeks

Too Few Memories of Dad

Posted on February 6, 2026February 6, 2026 by FHadmin

Rod had just turned six when he lost his dad. Therefore, his memories of his dad are limited.

The Man

James Van Allen Thomson was born May 6, 1936 at Palmyra, Otoe, Nebraska. He was the son of Alexander Joseph and Donna Isabelle (Van Allen) Thomson. He grew up in the Palmyra area.

When James was twenty, he married Janice Lee Helm. Over the coming years, they became the parents to three children with Rod being the youngest.

Love Of the Farm

Rod’s dad worked for Western Electric in Omaha, Douglas, Nebraska. However, his heart was on the farm. He loved working on his parents’ farm and hoped one day to again live on a farm and be a full-time farmer.

However, at this point in time, life dictated otherwise. Thus, James, Janice and the kids only got to spend time on the farm on the weekends and holidays.

To The Farm

The kids would get up early in the morning, rising from their 3-tier bunkbed. Rod’s dad had made the three-level wooden bed frame in his shop attached to their trailer. It was perfect to hold three growing kids in a small space.

After breakfast, everyone would pile into their 4-door crew cab Dodge truck and head to the farm. Rod’s dad would take the backroads to the farm. There was one hill that the kids always anticipated as their dad had perfected the ability to make them “lose their stomachs” as they went over it.

They would spend the day at the farm. On the way home, the family would stop at A&W Root Beer in Louisville, Nebraska, where they bought root beer by the gallon jug.

Hunting

The featured snapshot is one of few that shows Rod with his father. Rod is the younger boy on the left and the boy on the right is his brother Roger. Rod doesn’t remember a lot about hunting that fox as he was at most five.

Rod does, however, remember his dad shooting a snake in a field one day. And, we have another photo that shows his dad with a deer.

Rod’s mom told a story about his dad wanting to take him Kodiak bear hunting in Alaska. Rod has no idea if it is true or why his dad would have specifically wanted to taking him on that hunting trip. However, Rod has always been a good shot and is a natural with a rifle.

Farming

Besides hunting, the farm brought many other opportunities for work and play. A couple of Rod’s memories with his dad while farming both involve a wagon. One time when his dad was helping harvest, Rod remembers standing in the wagon while the grain poured in growing deeper burying their feet and legs. Another time when a rain came up, his dad put boards across the wagon so that Rod and his siblings could crawl under them to stay dry.

Rod, his mom, and siblings continued to visit his Grandma Thomson at the farm after his dad died.

Life Cut Too Short

His dad was gone far too soon. When Rod’s dad was ill before he died, Rod remembers being told not to jump on him. But, his dad said, “It’s okay.”

His last memory was seeing his dad in the casket and noticing that he had on his wedding ring. When we married, the ring I slid on Rod’s finger was his dad’s ring. It is one of his prized possessions.

Prompt: Favorite Photo

#52Ancestors52Weeks

Roger Ellis’ Mystery Parents

Posted on January 30, 2026 by FHadmin

When I have a family mystery, I like to write down all the knowns, theories, stories, etc. regarding the mystery. I then revisit and rewrite them as I work to resolve the mystery. Sometimes I write up stories based on the theories. This helps me see if they are plausible or not.

This article takes a look at Roger Ellis, my 4^th-great-grandfather and presents the story of my current working theory about his life and his parents.

My Theory

Although it is possible that Roger’s parents were born in Pennsylvania, my working theory (and this is a theory with a high chance of change) is that Roger’s parents originally lived in Virginia or possibly Maryland. They then migrated to Pennsylvania, possibly to Washington County. This may have been influenced by the Revolutionary War as people were known to move to that area during the war and Roger was born in Pennsylvania on July 29, 1782.

They could have lived in Pennsylvania and then migrated through Virginia to Kentucky as one of the migration patterns went from Pennsylvania to Loudoun County, Virginia, where Roger’s wife Susannah (Lewis) Ellis’ family lived, and then into Kentucky. However, I do not yet have any evidence that the Ellis and Lewis families knew each other prior to their arrival in Shelby County, Kentucky.

When looking at the name Roger Ellis, one is found in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania in the 1790s. That Roger was older and had what appeared to be several brothers or cousins that had land near him. The names of those in that area don’t seem to match Roger’s family and no DNA matches to that Ellis family have been found to date.

In addition, Roger and his siblings appear to live in areas that were highly populated with people from Virginia. Since people of a given region tended to migrate together or at least to the same places, this implies Virginia is a likely place of origin or that the family at least spent some time in Virginia. It is also important to note that Kentucky was a part of Virginia prior to gaining statehood on June 1, 1792.

Kentucky

Then, prior to late November 1797 and possibly as early as 1790, the family or a portion of the family was in Kentucky. David Allis (spelling in the Bible) purchased a Bible in Georgetown, Scott County, Kentucky on November 27, 1797. Georgetown was originally called Lebanon and was renamed in 1790 in honor of President Washington. The name was legally “George Town” until 1846 when it was legally changed to Georgetown.

Names In the Family Bible

Note: Various spellings of the name Ellis were used by the family. The names are listed as recorded from the family Bible (spelling & order)

Owner: David Allis
Richard Elless b 15 Jan 1779
Roger Elless b 29 July 1782
David Elless b 7 Jan 1780
Ann Elless b 23 Dec 179-
Richard Elless b 1 Nov 179-
James Miller Elless b 19 Dec 1798
Elizabeth Elless b 21 July 1801
Jeremiah Elless b June 1804
Sarah Elless b 25 Apr 1807
John Elless b 10 May 1804
Nancy Elless b 1 Jan 1800
James Elless b 4 May 1805

James, who was born in 1805, is Roger’s son James Lewis Elless/Ellis. The use of the “Elless” spelling implies these births were likely added to the Bible while in Roger or his son James’ possession as most early records and some later ones use Ellis or Elles.

Settling in Kentucky

By 1801, Roger Ellis moved west a county to Franklin County, Kentucky (tax record).

Tax records show that by the following year, Richard (likely Roger’s brother), John, and William Ellis were in Shelby County, Kentucky. None of them appeared to own real estate, but between them they owned five horses.

By 1803, Roger joined his family in Shelby County, Kentucky. The Ellis men listed in the tax records for that year were Roger, Stephen, Thomas, William, Daniel, John, and Richard. Although Ellis wasn’t as common as Smith and some other names, it was common enough to assume that these men may not all be related.

The next year, the list of Ellis men on the tax list for Shelby County included Richard, Roger, John (2), William (2), Daniel , Joseph, and Jesse. At this point, none of the men own real estate. However, they own 22 horses between all the men, with Roger owning two. Daniel, Joseph, and Jesse have African Americans also living in their household.

In 1805, Roger married Susannah Lewis, daughter of Joseph and Rebecca or Esther (Beck) Lewis, who had also settled in Kentucky.

The following year, the Ellis men on the Shelby County tax list included John (2), Thomas, Roger, William, Stephen, Jesse, Daniel, Samuel, and Joseph. Of these men, only Jesse and Daniel owned real estate, having 210 and 200 acres, respectively on Floyd’s Fork.

Taxation and Land Ownership

Ten years later the number of Ellis families who owned real estate had grown as had the number of Ellis families taxed in general. Each Ellis listed in the tax records, their land ownership, and a few additional details are listed below.

Elizabeth Ellis owned 210 acres of 3rd rate land on _____ Fork. She owned 4 horses and had 5 African Americans living in her household.
William Ellis owned 100 acres of 2nd rate land on B. Bullskin Creek. He owned 2 horses.
Isaac Ellis owned 300 acres of 2nd rate land on B. Bullskin Creek. He owned 7 horses and had 7 African Americans living in his household.
David Ellis owned no land and only had one horse.
William Ellis owned 50 acres of 2nd rate land on Floyd’s Fork. He owned 4 horses and had 2 African Americans living in his household.
Mary Ellis owned 178 acres of 2nd rate land on Floyd’s Fork. She owned 2 horses and had 4 African Americans living in his household.
Charles Ellis owned 255 acres of 3rd rate land on Floyd’s Fork. He owned 8 horses and had 12 African Americans living in his household.
Samuel Ellis owned 209 acres of 2nd rate land on Bullskin Creek. He owned 8 horses and had 11 African Americans living in his household.
Joseph Ellis owned 116/4 acres of 3rd rate land. The location was not provided. He had 6 horses.
Thomas Ellis owned no land. He only owned one horse.
Stephen Ellis owned 100 acres of 2nd rate land on Six Mile Creek. He owned 9 horses.
Roger Ellis owned 55 acres of 3rd rate land on Six Mile Creek. He owned 3 horses.
William Ellis owned 192 acres of 3rd rate land on Six Mile Creek. He owned 6 horses.
Richard Ellis Jr. owned 150 acres of 3rd rate land on Six Mile Creek. He owned 2 horses.
Richard Ellis Sr. owned no land. He owned 2 horses.
John Ellis owned no land. He owned 6 horses.

Roger Ellis’ Land in Shelby County, Kentucky

Roger’s Land

Roger and John Bell made an agreement for Roger to purchase the land for $1 per acre or $55.50. However, before the land transferred to Roger, Mr. Bell died. This complicated things and created confusion and it appears they may have attempted to sell the land. In any case, with more legal work and an additional $1 Roger became the legal owner of the land.

Formal Descriptions

The formal description of Roger’s land mentioned above is “lying and being in the County of Shelby on the waters of Six Mile Creek containing by survey fifty five and a half acres and bounded as follows to wit: Beginning at three beeches North west corner of Jesse Lewis land thence South East One hundred poles to two beeches and sugar tree corner to Abraham Cook thence with his line South 88 ½ West to the lick branch thence down said branch to three Sycamores at the mouth of said branch thence a straight course to two beeches and sugar tree South West corner of John Rogers land thence East with his line to the beginning.”

It was later described as follows: parcel of land lying & being in Shelby County on the waters of Clear Creek Containing fifty five & a half acres be the same more or less bounded as follows to wit Beginning at a stone corner to Michael Cook thence with his line South 88 West 80 poles to a stone corner thence South 3 East 140 poles to a stone corner thence North 88 East 80 poles to a stone corner thence North 3 West 140 poles to the Beginning.” It was a portion of the 5,570 acres originally patented to Moses Kerkendall.

Land Ratings

The land was considered 3rd-rate. Third-rate land was hilly, rocky, or heavily timbered; whereas, first-rate land was excellent farmland suitable for corn or tobacco and second-rate was somewhere in between. The rating of land was based on state rules for taxation. It was related to the productivity and fertility of the land. Each rating had a different tax rate with first-rate paying the highest rate.

The land rating did not imply a valuation of the land, instead it was simply an indicator of its agricultural value. Land on Six Mile Creek may not have been the best for growing crops. However, it was sought out for its water supply. Daniel Boone’s brother owned a large amount of land on the creek at one time.

Roger’s Family

If we assume that families bought property near each other, then we can assume that Stephen, William, and Richard Jr. are likely all related to Roger. Unfortunately, it is impossible to tell anything about the ones that didn’t own land. However, the list is in the order that they were recorded with other families amongst them. Thus, Richard Ellis Sr. and John Ellis are likely family members. The name David is in the family records and it is likely, although he isn’t listed with the rest of the family, that this David is a part of our Ellis family.

Stephen is a question as he isn’t listed in the family Bible. However, it appears that this same man moved to Jefferson County, Indiana, which was adjacent to Ripley County. There he founded the Brushy Fork Baptist Church. An interesting tie to Roger and his wife Susannah was that Stephen’s wife Rebecca was Susannah’s sister. Stephen had married her in 1795 in Virginia. Since he also lived on Six Mile Creek, it seems likely that he is related to Roger in some way.

Roger is later identified as being a strong Baptist. Thus, it is likely that Roger attended Six-Mile Creek Church, which was formed in 1799. The first church was a log cabin, which burnt in the 1800s and was subsequently replaced with a more modern building. The church was later renamed Christiansburg Baptist Church and still exists today and celebrated its 225 anniversary in 2024.

Roger Ellis Land Patent. Source: Bureau of Land Management – General Land Office Records.

Indiana

Growing Family

In 1818, Roger sold his land on Six Mile Creek to William J. Johnston Jr. as he had moved his growing family to Indiana.

Roger and Susannah settled in Ripley County, Indiana, where they raised their family.

Roger and Susannah’s children are as follows (in birth order) with most of them being born in Kentucky.

James Lewis Ellis
Nancy Ann Ellis
David Ellis
John Ellis
William Ellis
Mary Elizabeth Ellis
Martha Jane Ellis
Rebecca Ellis
Wesley W. Ellis
Susannah H. Ellis

Personality

In The Peoples History of Ripley County V.01, Violet E. Toph, a local historian, describes Roger as follows:

“Mr. Roger (?) Ellis, or, as everybody called him then “Old Toddy Ellis,” a shrewd farmer of little education and less culture, but an honest, industrious, upright man, a rigid Baptist, and an unflinching Democrat.”

The one thing that is strikingly odd is that he did not come from culture as his wife Susannah apparently came from money and refinement.

Roads

In addition to farming, Roger, like many others in those early days, was a viewer of roads. The viewers made recommendations for where roads should or should not be built. One of those roads just happened to terminate by Roger’s farm. Although he was not a viewer for that road, one must think that he influenced that decision as he became the road supervisor for his district, which paid him $1.

The viewers also recommended changes to existing roads in the area.

Roger’s Death

Roger died December 3, 1859. Susannah followed him six years later. He and Susannah are buried in Ripley County. Read more about the questions surrounding Roger’s burial.

Siblings & Other Relatives

Richard 1779

Roger’s brother Richard lived in Shelby County, Kentucky where he married Lucretia Lee. Later, he had land in Ripley County, Indiana next to Roger’s land. Roger’s oldest son James Lewis Ellis later had a patent for the same property. It appears that the same Richard may have also lived in nearby Switzerland County.

David Ellis

David Ellis appears to have married Martha Epperson and stayed in Shelby County, Kentucky. His will entered probate in January 1835.

James Miller Ellis

James Miller Ellis married Mary Hill in 1818. They lived in Switzerland County, Indiana, which is near Ripley County.

Jeremiah Ellis

Jeremiah, who was born in 1804, was likely Roger’s nephew. (Bible entry ordering) He was staying with Roger’s family in 1850. In 1855, Jeremiah wrote his will stating that he lived in Ripley County, Kentucky. He gave his current wife Luhana(?) (Hatfield) Ellis and his son John a portion of his property while selling the remaining portion.

Other People’s Theories

There are a variety of theories that researchers have regarding Roger Ellis’ parents. The following are couples/individuals that people on ancestry.com believe are Roger’s parents.

Theory 1: Joseph Ellis and Mary Litteral
Theory 2: Obediah Ellis and a wife prior to his marriage to Ms. Nicholson
Theory 3: Joseph Ellis and Mary Hughes
Theory 4: Richard Ellis and unknown
Theory 5: Joseph Elllis and Elizabeth Perkins
Theory 6: Joseph Ellis and Sarah Hugg (Back to Ellis and Perkins)

The first theory is the one most widely used in trees. However, none of these have been proven and some can be easily disproven.

Do any of the theoretical parents match my story?

Whether any of these couples are Roger’s parents is currently unknown. It is possible that they are a completely different couple than those listed. I do know that Joseph Ellis and Elizabeth Perkins can be eliminated as Elizabeth was well beyond childbearing years when Roger was born.

Additionally, we do have DNA matches to people that claim Sarah Hugg as an ancestor. Ancestry has picked up on this and Thru-lines lists her as a possible ancestor. However, the families do not appear to match up with Roger and the family Bible. Also, the initial review of these families indicates that the connection is likely through a different family line.

AI Theories

I decided to ask grok (AI) what it thought Roger’s story might be. I provided basic information and then added to it in subsequent queries. I greatly abbreviated the answers I got for readability.

Query #1

I started by asking the AI what the story likely was for someone born in 1782 in Pennsylvania, was a Baptist, and who was in Franklin and Shelby Counties in his early twenties.

Answer

It guessed that he likely lived in a rural area of Pennsylvania and might be of Scotch-Irish or German descent. (Note: I haven’t given it a name yet.) It talked about migration that occurred from Pennsylvania to Kentucky after the Revolutionary War. Apparently may people made that move looking for land, lower taxes, and other economic opportunities.

With Kentucky as a new state, it was in high demand from settlers who were traveling down the Ohio River or on the Wilderness Road to reach their destination. It was also very attractive to Baptists as the religion was widespread in the region.

The AI believed his life probably was focused on working the land, church, and family. “Overall, it’s a tale of resilence, faith-driven community building, and pursuing the American dream on the frontier.”

Query #2

I told the AI that the name was “Ellis” with an unknown country of origin and that the given names were English.

Answer

The AI immediately jumped to Roger Ellis and went on to tell me about Roger’s history as I know it. (Love it when it uses my own research to answer my questions. I had asked questions related to him before, but not in this particular query stream.)

It went on to tell me that the name Ellis is primarily English or Welsh and that many people with that name came to America in the 1600s and 1700s. It mentioned Lancaster among other western counties of Pennsylvania where people went to exercise religious freedom. It added that many people from Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania made the move to Kentucky at the time I indicated and expanded on previous information it provided about being a Baptist in Kentucky during the early 1800s.

It also reiterated pieces of the earlier answer with little update.

Query #3

I ask it to tell me about Six Mile Creek Church as the person of interest may have attended that church.

Answer

It told me about the founding of the church, changes over times, etc. Most of which I had already researched. It added that Roger Ellis, who it felt was a good candidate to match my research, had lived on Six Mile Creek and that other records had placed various Ellis families in the area.

Query #4

I ask how the story would change if the person had ties to Virginia..

Answer

The AI said that a connection to Virginia would explain a lot about the location settled as a high number of settlers from Virginia settled in Franklin and Shelby counties in Kentucky. It stated that many early Ellis family in central Kentucky were from Henrico and Goochland counties in Virginia. Most were English Protestants, but some were Welsh. Many of them had been in America for some time.

“By the late 1700s, land pressures, taxes, and the lure of Kentucky’s cheap, fertile grants prompted westward moves.” The AI went on to talk about the Traveling Church migration, which was Led by Captain William Ellis and Reverend Lewis Craig (Baptist) that occurred prior to Roger’s birth. It also told of how many of the Virginia Ellis families came about the time that Roger arrived. IT went on to provide additional details about Roger and some of the other Ellis men in Shelby County, Kentucky.

The AI went on to speculate why Roger was born in Pennsylvania. Some options were visiting in Pennsylvania, safety due to the Revolutionary War activity, or land opportunity. Included was a description of the migration from Virginia in this era and some of the names of families that migrated. (All the names were familiar to me from research.) It mentioned that some speculation exists that Roger’s father is Joseph Ellis/Eyles. The latter is a new spelling for me to research.

Afterward

Some of the information contained herein will be added to the Ellis Mystery pages and/or Roger Ellis’ biography. The Ellis Mystery pages provide more information about the research into Roger and his family.

AI: grok.com

Featured Image: Altered design of Dark_Moon Art via pixabay.com

Prompt: A Theory In Progress

#52ancestors52weeks

The Children Shuffle: What Picture Does This Paint?

Posted on January 20, 2026 by FHadmin

The world has changed a lot in the last century and a half. Today, if a child goes to live with another family, paperwork is involved. Records are kept. And, the legal system can follow what happens to a child. That was not true in my great-great grandfather’s day. He seemed to just let other families take in his children. But, why?

The Set Up

My great-great grandfather Lemuel McCracken seemed to have a habit of shedding kids. In other words, they went to live with other people and often they weren’t, as far as I know, related to him in any way. The following tells the stories of the kids he “gave away” and the one that came to live with him.

The Give Aways

Delarma (Lawrence)

Lawrence was Lemuel McCracken’s son with his first wife, Sarah Dufer. Lemuel married his second wife Louisiana (Matteer) Badgley McCracken in January 1859, only nine months after Lawrence was born. Thus, although no record has been found, his mother appears to have died either at the time he was born or within the first few months of his life. In 1860, he is two years old and living in Lemuel’s household with Lemuel; Louisiana; Lemuel and Louisiana’s son Lemuel Franklin/Francis; and Louisiana’s children, Mary and Louis.

Separation From Family

By 1870, however, Lawrence is living in the household of Robert and Diana Kennedy. The census indicates that he has no occupation and has not attended school in the last year. A sixteen-year-old female and a twenty-one-year-old male are also living in the household. They each had different surnames.

Zachary Anthony, the twenty-one-year-old, had been living with Robert and Diana at least since he was ten and likely earlier. At age one, Zachary and a male that I assume was his father were living with another family. No mother was present and the adult male was marked as “insane.” Thus, I believe Zachary was effectively an orphan. The female had not been with them as long. However, another female had been in the household in the previous census.

Not Moving With Family

In 1873, Lemuel, Louisiana, and their children moved to Crawford County, Kansas. As far as I know, Lawrence did not travel with them. He is definitely not with them in 1875 when they were living in Sherman Township in Crawford County. Lawrence appears to have stayed behind in Iowa and live his entire adult life there.

He was listed in his half-sister Minnie Alameda’s probate papers. However, she likely did not know him as she was born after the family moved to Kansas. However, her half-sister Mary Ann (Badley) Macklin, whom she lived near would have known and remembered Lawrence. More on Minnie later.

The Questions

Why did Lawrence end up living in another household? Did Lemuel claim he was an orphan? Did he actually board with them just for space? How did Lawrence living with the other family come about? Why didn’t he move with the family?

Joseph (Henry)

In 1871, two years before the family moved to Kansas, Louisiana gave birth to Joseph (Henry) McCracken. He was Lemuel and Louisiana’s fifth child together. Henry moved with the family to Kansas and then with them to Missouri.

Louisiana died in 1879 and Henry was with Lemuel in 1880. However, sometime between 1880 and 1885, he moved in with Thomas and Mary Dudley. It is likely that he moved in with them after Lemuel remarried to Melissa (Eveline) (Donley) McKown Rhodes.

The family did appear to live close to Lemuel. However, that didn’t last for long as they moved to Butler County, Kansas, taking Henry with them. Similar to Lawrence, the 1885 census indicates that Henry was not learning a trade and had not attended school in the last year.

Henry kept in touch with at least part of his siblings. Both Henry and Lawrence continued to use the last name McCracken. Thus, it wasn’t like an adoption.

The Questions

Why did Henry move in with the Dudley family? Why did he move away with them? Who lets their child go with another family to live 150-200 miles away?

Minnie Alameda (a.k.a. Frances E.) (McCracken) Munroe

Francis E. / Minnie Alameda

Minnie Alameda is the youngest of Lemuel and Louisiana’s children. She was born after the family moved to Kansas. However, her original name was not Minnie. It was Frances E. (full middle name unknown). Like Henry, she was with the family in the 1875 and 1880 census records.

It is unclear when she left her father’s home, but the story was that when they went to pick up the baby (She wouldn’t have been an infant. By baby they had to have meant the youngest.), she cried and so they left her. It is unclear where she lived after Lemuel remarried. However, it seems likely that she lived with her older half-sister Mary Ann (Badley) Macklin near Quincy, Adams, Illinois. She lived in that area as an adult. Lemuel and Louisiana’s oldest son Lemuel Franklin also lived in that area.

The Questions

Did Minnie live with Mary Ann? Did she live with another related or unrelated family? Assuming she did live there, was the story about the baby crying true? If true, did Lemuel actually intend for her to live with him? And, why did her name change?

Melissa Eveline’s Children

Nothing But Questions

The next question on my mind is, “With Lemuel’s kids scattering here and there, did Eveline’s kids live with them? The two with her first husband would have been around 10 and 12 when Eveline married Lemuel in 1881. The son with her second husband would have only been a year old. This begs the question as to if he was the baby that cried so they left him.

I do know that Eveline’s youngest son was not listed in their household in 1895 when he would have been 15. However, a year or two earlier, a newspaper article mentioned Lemuel and his son. Was it Thomas? Was it someone else? As an adult, Thomas did come to visit them. At that time, it indicated that he left Kansas around 1895. I found no evidence that Eveline’s first two children ever visited.

If they didn’t live with them, where did they live?

Source: The Freeman’s Lance, Sedan, Kansas via newspapers.com

On the Receiving End

Although Lemuel seemed to shed his kids, he did pickup another child later in life. When Allie Moody’s mother died, Allie went to live with Lemuel and Eveline. The families had been neighbors. According to a descendant of Eveline, Allie’s father gave Lemuel and Eveline a silver pitcher for caring for his son.

Allie was only a small boy and his father did come to visit. It seemed to be different than with Lemuel. What would have happened as Allie grew older is unknown as he became ill and died while in their care.

What does this all mean?

In reality, we will probably never know what all this shuffling of children really meant. The why, how, and when will not be fully known. However, I believe it is reasonable to draw some conclusions from these events.

To me, this says that Lemuel likely did not have strong bonds with his children. A descendant of Eveline told me that Eveline was not easy to get along with and that the same may have been true of Lemuel as well. This may have also played a part in the children being separated from the family.

I considered that the family could have just been poor and hired out or lent their children to other families. However, if there were close bonds with these children, the family wouldn’t just move away or allow the other family to take their child a couple of hundred miles away.

Furthermore, I think this may be an indicator that Lemuel, himself, was put in a similar situation when he was young. I know that his mother’s surname was McCracken. However, I don’t know who raised Lemuel. If his mother married a man who wasn’t his father, he may have been “given” away or may have had to find his own way in the world. This may be why finding him in records, even as a count of a male that age, is so difficult. It would also explain why Lemuel shows up in records as a young man all alone.

It also may indicate some regret. Taking in little Allie seems like an odd thing to do for an older couple living on a small property and who are far from well to do. However, maybe Lemuel felt guilt or felt he had an obligation.

What do you think?

Featured Image: The original image was improved and colorized using google gemini.

Prompt: What This Story Means to Me

#52ancestors52weeks